Chaucers the House Of Fame: The Cultural Nature Of Fame :: essays research papers

Chaucer's "The House of Fame": The Cultural Nature of Fame QUESTION 7. DISCUSS THE CULTURAL NATURE OF FAME AND ITS TEXTUAL EXPRESSION WITH REFERENCE TO ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING: ORAL HEROIC POETRY, CHAUCER'S DEPICTION IN THE HOUSE OF FAME AND THE MODERN CONSTRUCTION OF THE CANON OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. YOU SHOULD FOCUS YOUR ANALYSIS ON THE INTERPLAY OF ORAL AND LITERARY TRADITIONS IN THESE CONTEXTS. Many critics have noted the complexities within Chaucer's The House of Fame, in particular, the complexities between the oral and the literary. The differences between these methods are constantly appearing; Chaucer is well aware of rapidly changing communicative practises and contrasts the preservation of utterance with the longevity of literary texts. He achieves this by discussing the nature of "Fame" and the difficulties that arise from it. "Fame" can both destroy and create. It can result in the eternal preservation of great works and their creators. However, Chaucer is quick to note the precarious nature of "fame" noting the unreliable process of attaining it and its potentially momentary existence. Every creator with their respective work/s naturally crave and desire "fame"; they want their subjects to remain fresh in the minds of their audience. Chaucer, while neither totally praising the written nor the oral, reveals how essentially the written word is far more likely to become eternal as opposed to the oral. The relative "fame" of any work is dependent on many factors. Many traditional and classical ideas result in the formation of the English canon, yet as Chaucer indicates, the "fame" of these works can easily become annihilated. The arrival of new readers with different ideals and thereby changing tradition, can reject classical or "canonical" work and their "fame" will melt into nothingness. Most stories, histories and legends that emerge from oral heroic poetry are to herald the achievement of the powerful and wealthy so that their histories will not fade from the memories of the population. The stories of Beowolf are a clear example of this, as within these stories, (whether embellished or no), Beowolf's fame and legend reaches the modern reader hundreds of years later. Clearly, Beowolf is still very much dependant on the conventions of oral traditions and written to leave a permanent reminder of Beowolf, to enforce Beowolf's fame. The use of "Hwaet" to mark the start of an oration, emphasises the continuation of oral tradition. Most oral cultures (usually illiterate), pass on stories and legends learnt from the previous generation, basically using the authority of recalled memory, not as an actual witness; rather 'I have heard it said` than 'I know this to be true`.

Electoral college Essay

Who’s voting for the president? Not you. We live in a society where your vote doesn’t directly count during a presidential election. This is due to an antiquated system called the electoral college. The electoral college (EC) was founded in 1787. The founding fathers set up the system so that the president is chosen indirectly. This was done so that â€Å"popular passion,† wouldn’t factor in as much. Basically they didn’t want presidential campaigns to become purely advertisement campaigns. (third party times) But there are a few serious flaws in the electoral college that need to be dealt with. For example, the well known Democratic motto â€Å"one man, one vote,† (which means every vote counts) doesn’t apply to presidential elections because of the EC. The electoral college makes it possible for a candidate who wins the popular vote of the people to lose the presidency. (electoral college) This has happened exactly 3 times in the pas t. Once in 1876, and once in 1888, and most recently during the 2000 elections. President Bush lost the popular vote to candidate Al Gore by over 500,000 votes. Bush still won the presidency because Florida (a key state in elections) had a last minute change in the electoral votes. This threw the entire state into a republican vote. â€Å"On two other occasions (1800 and 1824), the House of Representatives 2 picked the president when nobody won an electoral-college majority. Thomas Jefferson once described this circumstance as ‘the most dangerous blot on our Constitution.’ † (electoral college) Lawrence P. Longley and Neal R. Pierce, two experts on the electoral college and Harvard teachers, agree wholeheartedly with Jefferson’s statement. They know full well the weaknesses of the EC. They did some calculations to illustrate this point further. Californians have over two times as much voting power as do people in Montana because of the population differences. Even worse than that is, if even a few votes change in some key states it can change the whole outcome of an election. e.g. the 2000 Florida elections. There have been 22 razor close elections in our history one of which was † the 1960 race between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon–if 8,971 votes in Illinois and Missouri had switched from Kennedy to Nixon that year, the result would have been an electoral college deadlock.† (electoral college) Longley and Peirce argue that â€Å"it’s only a matter of time before it breaks down completely. The President of the United States is elected indirectly by the electoral college — an archaic and quirky system that threatens every four years to overturn popular will.† (electoral college) To top it all off, the people we choose to vote for the president aren’t even required to keep their pledges. â€Å"In 24 states and the district of Columbia, electors are 3 not bound by any state law or regulation that they vote for the states popular vote winner.† (civic values) For example in 1988 an elector pledged to Michael Dukakis changed his pledge to Lloyd Bentsen. Also it happened in 1976 when an elector pledged to Gerald Ford voted for Ronald Reagan instead. These are just a few of the instances involving â€Å"faithless electors† a term used for electors who change their pledge. The question is what do we do about these problems? The answer is simple, we change the EC. (civic values) There are three basic plans for changing the way the EC works. The first is called the proportional method. This particular option hasn’t been researched as much as the others. Basically if a candidate receives 58 percent of the popular vote then they also receive 58 percent of the electoral vote. This reflects popular will and lets the electors keep their jobs. The problem with this method is that it would require support from every state. (election reform) The second is the plan to abolish the electoral college completely. This is a very simple plan which is becoming increasingly popular. If you were to eliminate the EC it would better reflect th e popular vote, get rid of the possibility of â€Å"faithless electors,† and it might increase voter turnout. (election reform) In order to get rid of the EC entirely you would need two thirds of the house of Representatives and the Senate and 38 states to agree that it needs to be changed. 4 and though abolishing the EC is fast becoming a popular idea (especially since the 2000 elections) there is still not enough support for the idea. The harsh reality is that there probably will never be enough support. This is because the very people who’s jobs depend on the existence of the electoral college are the ones making a substantial amount of the decision whether or not to keep it. (civic values) Luckily there’s a solution. Instead of getting rid of the electoral college just alter it a little bit. The third plan is called the District Method. This could be a good option, because instead of having the entire state swing towards one political party for the electoral vote, now a state could be divided into smaller parts . This would better represent the popular vote and therefore the people. Another reason that the District Method may work is that you don’t need a constitutional amendment. Even if only a few states adopted this method it would be effective. Also it’s a good compromise . The electoral college is still in play, so supporters of it wouldn’t protest. In addition the people would have more of a say in who their president is . And that’s what really matters. (election reform) Now you can see that the popular vote, which our country was founded on as a democracy , can be thwarted to fit the whims of the electoral college. Our basic rights of choosing the people who govern us do not apply in the case of presidential elections which are the most important elections. This cannot stand. When our forefathers wrote the constitution, the United States was much 5 smaller and the people were better represented because they were in smaller groups. That isn’t the case today. Things have changed and we as a society must change with the times. If not, any self appointed dictator could pay or persuade him or herself into power with potentially detrimental results. Make your vote count. Petition to change the electoral college. 6 Work Cited Page â€Å"Electoral College.† Web News: Product reviews. 11/9/2003. Harvard Electoral College Experts. Dec. 2000 http://www.webdesk.com/electoral-college/ Third Party Times. The Electoral College System. 1992, League of Womens Voters of California Education fund. http://www.ksg.harvard.edu./case/3pt/electoral.html Electionreform.org. 2001. Election Reform. http://www.electionreform.org.ERMain/priorities/ec/reform.htm Civic-Values State Lawmakers Mull Electoral College. Nov.2000. http://civic.net/civic-values.archive/200011/msg00181.html

Company Analysis Vacuum Oil Company - 1243 Words

History In 1966, Vacuum Oil Company, which was founded in 1866, changed its name to Mobil Oil Corporation and began an extensive advertising campaign to accentuate the name â€Å"Mobil.† In 1972, the company previously known as Jersey Standard, which was one of the companies established in 1911 as a result of the US Supreme Court decision to break up Standard Oil Company into 34 unrelated companies, changed its name to Exxon Corporation during a shareholders’ meeting (ExxonMobil). The Merger of Exxon and Mobil Recognizing the need for a large presence in other regions with high potential for gas and oil discoveries, in an effort to become more effective in the global gas and oil competition, Exxon and Mobil merged to form Exxon Mobil Corporation, on November 30, 1999. Under the contract, Mobil would become a wholly owned subsidiary of ExxonMobil and Exxon would hold 100 percent of Mobil’s voting securities. Common stock holders of Mobil would receive 1.32015 shares of Exxon common stock for each share of Mobil common stock. As a result of efficiencies of scale, sharing best management practices, and cost savings, management realized that the merged company could more profitably use its capital than either company on its own. Exxon and Mobil were each very compatible in key areas. For example, as it related to exploration and production, both the strength of Mobil and Exxon in West Africa, South America, North America, Russia coincided with minimal redundancy. InShow MoreRelatedProduction Of An Atmospheric Crude Residue From Kirkuk Crude Oil, And High Pressure Trickle Bed Reactor1354 Words   |  6 Pages2. Experimental Work 2.1 Feedstock (Reduced Crude Oil) The feedstock used in this study is an atmospheric crude residue (RCR) derived from Kirkuk crude oil as a crude model. It was obtained from the North Refineries Company in Iraq. The physical properties of feedstock are illustrated in Table 1, which are tested in North Refineries Company laboratories. 2.2 Hydrogen Gas Hydrogen gas, 99.999% purity, has been used for hydrotreating (HDT) and hydrocracking (HDC) of (RCR). 2.3 Catalyst Read MoreCommercializing the Kunst 1601659 Words   |  3 PagesCommercializing The Kunst 1600 Dry Piston Vacuum Pump What are the major, quantifiable value and price elements associated with the Kunst 1600? * No oil change required in the Kunst 1600, which saves time and money. Oil change cost = cost of oil + labor + towel + soap + disposal Oil change cost = 8+15+0.5+0.15+1.25 = $24.9 * Kunst 1600 has a life of 6 years; 2.5 times longer than traditional pumps. So it reduces replacement costs. * As Kunst 1600 is made from aluminum, it isRead MoreIndian Oil Industry Is The Backbone Of A Modern Economy1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe oil refining industry is the backbone of a modern economy (Senevirante, 2006). Refined petroleum product remain fundamental to our economic life – in everybody’s daily life and economic activities of a nation (Wauquier and Favennec, 2001) ranging from domestic cooking to transportation, employment, etc. In terms of the refining capacity India ranks eighth in the world (U.S. EIA 2009). The private sector owns about 38% of total capacity while the public sector owns the rest. End of 2013, IndiaRead MoreThe Companys Chemical Plant1776 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Company Description The largest, publicly traded oil and gas company internationally, is ExxonMobil (â€Å"About us,† 2014). ExxonMobil is an industry leader in the inventory of global oil and gas resources (â€Å"About us,† 2014). The company’s chemical plant ranks amongst the world’s largest in the industry, and ExxonMobil is the world’s largest marketer and refining producer of petroleum products in the world (â€Å"About us,† 2014). The company prides itself on its research and developmentRead MoreFinancial Statement Analysis : Business Model Of The Neo Valves1173 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Financial statement analysis is an evaluative method of determine the past, current and projected performance of a company. It is helps to understand the risk and profitability of a company by analyzing annual and quarterly reports. When we observe the financial statements comprising the balance sheet and profit and loss account is that they fail to reveal all the information related to financial operation of an organization. It will provide a summarized view of the organization. ThereforeRead MoreExploration Of Oil And Gas Resources Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction With the continued depletion of conventional oil and gas resources, the oil industry is now more than ever faced with exploration of unconventional and challenging oil and gas reserves. Such reserves call for novel drilling techniques and also require drilling fluids that can fulfil such drilling requirements. In most cases it’s OBM that can provide hole stability and it is also the best choice for drilling highly sensitive wells. But as these OBMs are being used, operators must strikeRead MoreAcademia Barilla1071 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Issue statement How best to manage Academia to fit into Barilla’s long-term strategy and need for growth. Situation analysis 3C Company ïÆ'   Barilla Largest Italian food company in the world. Best-selling pasta brand in the United States Strongest brand name in Italy. Dry pasta and several bakery categories in Italy. While also pasta sauces for the U.S. market. ïÆ'   Academia Barilla Feeling the limitation of growing the business with only pasta and sauce. Launched in 2004 to preserve, developRead MorePestle Analysis On The Environment1259 Words   |  6 PagesPESTLE ANALYSIS Pestle analysis which sometimes is also referred to as PEST analysis is used as a tool by companies to track the environment they are operating in. It gives a bird eye view of the whole environment from the many different angles one wants to check and keep a track of while contemplating on a certain idea or a plan POLITICAL: Guwhati tea factory had to be shut down due to threat and extortion ECONOMIC: There has been a hike in oil rates yet HUL maintains its profits and pricing powerRead MoreCooling Rate of Water1252 Words   |  6 Pagesrestaurant after cooking. The high risk temperature for bacteria growth is between 5 and 60 degrees. However putting hot food into your fridge before this point can cause food poisoning especially in deep containers, which is why it is vital that food companies and chiefs are aware of how longer a food, takes to cool down from an approximate temperature. Obviously an exact value is impossible because of varying variables e.g. room temperature, depth of container etc. However by applying newton’s laws youRead MoreNegotiation, And Negotiation With All Extremists Groups In Syria1213 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolved, and follow the UN peacekeeping mission in Syria. It can achieve by using the money from the UN peace budget, and collecting funds for the peace and reconstruction of Syria from the rich Arab countries. Furthermore, exploiti ng its untouched oil reserve in order to rebuild the country after the war. The foreign offices of all the coalition countries need to negotiate with the heads of Arab states and regional actors in order to create a peace counsel to negotiate with all opposition parties

Climate Change vs. Global Warming

Global warming and climate change are sciences odd couple — you hardly hear one mentioned without the other. But much like the confusion that surrounds climate science, this pair is often misunderstood and misused. Lets take a look at what each of these two terms really means, and how (even though theyre often used as synonyms) theyre in fact two very different events. The incorrect interpretation of climate change: A change (usually an increase) in our planets air temperatures. Climate Change Is Non-specific The true definition of climate change is just as it sounds, a change in long-term weather trends — be that rising temperatures, cooling temperatures, changes in precipitation, or what have you. By itself, the phrase carries no presumptions about how the climate is changing, only that a change is occurring. Whats more, these changes could be the result of natural external forces (like an increase or decrease in solar sunspot or Milankovitch Cycles); natural internal processes (like volcanic eruptions or changes in ocean circulations); or human-caused or anthropogenic effects (like the burning of fossil fuels). Again, the phrase climate change doesnt specify the reason for the change. The incorrect interpretation of global warming: Warming due to a human-induced increase in greenhouse gas emissions (like carbon dioxiode). Global Warming Is One Type of Climate Change Global warming describes an increase in Earths average temperature over time. It doesnt mean that temperatures will rise by the same amount everywhere. Neither does it mean that everywhere in the world will get warmer (some locations may not). It simply means that when you consider the Earth as a whole, its average temperature is increasing. This increase could be due to natural or unnatural forces such as an increase in greenhouse gases, particularly from the burning of fossil fuels. Accelerated warming can be measured in Earths atmosphere and oceans. Evidence for global warming can be seen in retreating ice caps, dry lakes, increased habitat reduction for animals (think of the now-infamous polar bear on a lone iceberg), global temperature rises, shifts in weather, coral bleaching, sea-level rise and more. Why People Mix Them Up If climate change and global warming are two very different things, why do we use them interchangeably? Well, when we talk about climate change were usually referring to global warming because our planet is currently experiencing climate change in the form of rising temperatures. And as we know from monikers like FLOTUS and Kimye, the media loves blending words together. Its easier to use climate change and global warming as synonyms (even if it is scientifically incorrect!) than it is to say both. Perhaps climate change and global warming will get its own portmanteau in the near future? How does clowarming sound? The Correct Verbiage If you want to be scientifically correct when talking climate topics, you should say that Earths climate is changing in the form of global warming. According to scientists, it is highly likely that both are being driven by unnatural, human-caused reasons.

How Technology Affects The Development Of Young Students

Introduction Imagine a kindergarten classroom where students are interacting with computers and tablets rather than teachers and peers. Imagine students that are dependent upon technology to learn and interact. How would this educational approach affect child development? Will this change the way humans interact, problem-solve, communicate, and think? In today’s society, there has been a significant advancement in technology use. The evolving times have created a push towards the implementation of technology in all aspects of our lives. Included in this move toward a technologically advanced society is our education system. Recently, there is such a trend toward increased tablet and computer integration in the classroom. There are many arguments for and against the implementation of tablet and computer use within the classroom and how it affects the development of the child. An extremely important goal of kindergarten education is the development of a child both emotionally and socially. With the introduction of technology in the classroom, this paper will explore the impact it plays on the social development of young students. Specifically, what are the effects of tablets and computers in the kindergarten classroom on peer interaction? This paper will look at social-emotional development and peer interaction in kindergarten, the integration of tablets and computers in the classroom, and the effects of tablets and computers on peer interaction. Throughout this paper,Show MoreRelatedEarly Childhood Technologies Used Literacy Instruction And Affect Literacy Development1061 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology ( ages three to six years) Three early childhood technologies used to enhance literacy instruction and affect literacy development. 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However, young children with developing brains should not beRead MoreThe Effects Of Computers On Children s Early Childhood Education Essay1737 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s world it is nearly impossible to keep up without technology. Computers especially, are needed in most American’s everyday lives. So why would early childhood education be any different? From the beginning stages, there has always been a debate of whether computers have a positive or negative impact on children, young children especially. As computers have intergraded themselves into many children’s lives and their education , the debate is even more prominent. Supporters of computer useRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media On Youth1088 Words   |  5 Pagesfocus, social media may not be the saving grace we are looking for. The wide spread use of social media has detrimental effects on the development of today’s youth. 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Literacy in small children can be very beneficial to the growth and development of the brain. â€Å"Decades of research prove that when young children are surrounded by literature-rich environments are spoken to and read to frequently, have the skills needed to start school and are appropriately supported

Spanish and English Motives for Settling America Free Essays

AP US History 1 July 2011 In the early fourteenth century, the Americas were home to natives who had lived there for centuries. They had created entire cities for places of worship. These cities were occupied by skilled mathematicians, architects, and astronomers. We will write a custom essay sample on Spanish and English Motives for Settling America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thought they did make human sacrifices to their many gods, the natives were able to control their empire and keep it alive at least until the arrival of the European. On the other side of the world, Europeans were looking for opportunities of freedom, land, goods, and most of all riches. There was a high competition for the desired goods of India and China so Europeans began to search for easier routes that would bring them wealth. Spain was the first to discover and claim the Southwest Americas with the historical voyage of Christopher Columbus. Then a couple of years later, had John Cabot claimed the Northeast Americas for England. The Spanish and English differed in motives and benefits from the settlements that they had created in the seventeenth century because of how they treated the natives, colonized, and reasons of leaving Europe. The Spanish were thirsty for riches. Their main reason for leaving Europe was because of God, glory, and gold. Christopher Columbus’s accidental discovery had provided the right opportunity for the Spanish to achieve their goals. The natives welcomed the Spanish into their cities because they thought they were gods. When the Spanish discovered the vast amounts of gold in the area, they decided to conquer the lands and to gain riches and glory. Many natives died from the wars with the Spanish, but what really killed them was disease. Later on as the Spanish colonized southwest America, they brought Christianity to the natives. Missionaries tried to Europeanize the natives. Many Spanish men married native women and had European American children. In New England, the English colonies had different motives. Theirs was religious freedom. At first the natives and the English made peace treaties because of trade and Christianity. But as time passed tensions grew. The English did not intermix with the natives as the Spanish had. The natives were mainly a pestilence that was in the way of land. As with the Spanish, the natives had their populations wiped out because of European diseases and wars. The natives were forced to combine with other tribes and move to the Midwest. The Spanish settled the southwest Americas and the Caribbean. In the New Mexico and Texas areas of present day America, they found little success in their search for gold. They found the Caribbean useful for the crop plantations of tobacco, sugar, and corn. The Spanish spread Christianity to the natives, built forts and missions, and claimed the land for Spain for centuries to come. The Spanish planted their teachings, language, laws, and religion into their colonies and native neighbors. New England had been settled for the land and freedom it offered. Thousands of miles away from England, the Europeans were able to find comfort in freedom of religion. As colonies grew, things started to change. The colonist both fought with each other over land and religion. Government was made up and some of these written laws were placed in today’s constitution. Major cash crops were grown and the colonies grew also. Africans were shipped to New England as slaves to help maintain these large farms. New Englanders started out on a difficult journey but life continued to get better as the colonies grew. The Spanish and English both wanted to find easier routes to the Indies. They wanted the spices and other luxury goods the Asia had to offer. There were high competitions and everyone wanted a part in the wealth and adventure exploration offered. When the Spanish discovered America, they took the land and colonized it. Americas was rich in soil, minerals, and goods. This was a way for Spain to become a more powerful nation, so the Spanish seized their opportunity. The English on the other hand, wanted freedom form religious persecution and they wanted a bigger kingdom. The land was excellent for the planting of crops and offered the chance for people to get rich. Both the Spanish and English had different motives and benefits from their settlement of the Americas. They found success in many areas of the land that they settled. They made laws, discovered new places, and claimed a land for their mother nations. The English and Spanish were the biggest land owners of the Americas. Though some of their intentions were selfish, they played a major part in creating what is now the United States. How to cite Spanish and English Motives for Settling America, Essay examples Spanish and English Motives for Settling America Free Essays AP US History 1 July 2011 In the early fourteenth century, the Americas were home to natives who had lived there for centuries. They had created entire cities for places of worship. These cities were occupied by skilled mathematicians, architects, and astronomers. We will write a custom essay sample on Spanish and English Motives for Settling America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thought they did make human sacrifices to their many gods, the natives were able to control their empire and keep it alive at least until the arrival of the European. On the other side of the world, Europeans were looking for opportunities of freedom, land, goods, and most of all riches. There was a high competition for the desired goods of India and China so Europeans began to search for easier routes that would bring them wealth. Spain was the first to discover and claim the Southwest Americas with the historical voyage of Christopher Columbus. Then a couple of years later, had John Cabot claimed the Northeast Americas for England. The Spanish and English differed in motives and benefits from the settlements that they had created in the seventeenth century because of how they treated the natives, colonized, and reasons of leaving Europe. The Spanish were thirsty for riches. Their main reason for leaving Europe was because of God, glory, and gold. Christopher Columbus’s accidental discovery had provided the right opportunity for the Spanish to achieve their goals. The natives welcomed the Spanish into their cities because they thought they were gods. When the Spanish discovered the vast amounts of gold in the area, they decided to conquer the lands and to gain riches and glory. Many natives died from the wars with the Spanish, but what really killed them was disease. Later on as the Spanish colonized southwest America, they brought Christianity to the natives. Missionaries tried to Europeanize the natives. Many Spanish men married native women and had European American children. In New England, the English colonies had different motives. Theirs was religious freedom. At first the natives and the English made peace treaties because of trade and Christianity. But as time passed tensions grew. The English did not intermix with the natives as the Spanish had. The natives were mainly a pestilence that was in the way of land. As with the Spanish, the natives had their populations wiped out because of European diseases and wars. The natives were forced to combine with other tribes and move to the Midwest. The Spanish settled the southwest Americas and the Caribbean. In the New Mexico and Texas areas of present day America, they found little success in their search for gold. They found the Caribbean useful for the crop plantations of tobacco, sugar, and corn. The Spanish spread Christianity to the natives, built forts and missions, and claimed the land for Spain for centuries to come. The Spanish planted their teachings, language, laws, and religion into their colonies and native neighbors. New England had been settled for the land and freedom it offered. Thousands of miles away from England, the Europeans were able to find comfort in freedom of religion. As colonies grew, things started to change. The colonist both fought with each other over land and religion. Government was made up and some of these written laws were placed in today’s constitution. Major cash crops were grown and the colonies grew also. Africans were shipped to New England as slaves to help maintain these large farms. New Englanders started out on a difficult journey but life continued to get better as the colonies grew. The Spanish and English both wanted to find easier routes to the Indies. They wanted the spices and other luxury goods the Asia had to offer. There were high competitions and everyone wanted a part in the wealth and adventure exploration offered. When the Spanish discovered America, they took the land and colonized it. Americas was rich in soil, minerals, and goods. This was a way for Spain to become a more powerful nation, so the Spanish seized their opportunity. The English on the other hand, wanted freedom form religious persecution and they wanted a bigger kingdom. The land was excellent for the planting of crops and offered the chance for people to get rich. Both the Spanish and English had different motives and benefits from their settlement of the Americas. They found success in many areas of the land that they settled. They made laws, discovered new places, and claimed a land for their mother nations. The English and Spanish were the biggest land owners of the Americas. Though some of their intentions were selfish, they played a major part in creating what is now the United States. How to cite Spanish and English Motives for Settling America, Papers

Illicit Trade in Art and Antiquities †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Illicit Trade in Art and Antiquities. Answer: Introduction: The main issue of the case whether Dora is Delight can claim damage against the Maleny Reception Pty Ltd or not. The present case is based on the parts of negligence. An act that has been stated as negligent act when a person had failed to do certain thing what an ordinary person with prudent mind could do at the same time. The principle of negligence is enlightened under the law of Torts. It is the responsibility of every person to act diligently. However, in certain circumstances, it can be observed that this act of diligences has not been maintained properly. One of the main criteria of negligence is the failure to foresee all the consequences. There are certain elements present under the provinces of negligence. When these elements are fulfilled, it can be stated that negligence has been done. The elements are as follows: It has to be proved that the defendant has a duty as against the plaintiff which has to be taken with great care; It has also to be proved that the duty is being breached by defendant; If the allegations have been proved against the defendant, plaintiff can claim damage; The injury to be foreseeable nature. The legal liability of a defendant to a plaintiff is based on the defendant's failure to fulfil a responsibility, recognised by law, of which the plaintiff is the intended beneficiary (Bigus 2015). The first step in determining the existence of a legally recognised responsibility is the concept of an obligation or duty. In the tort of negligence the term used is duty of care. The case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] has established the principle of negligence. It has been proved in this case that the manufacturer owed certain duties as against the plaintiff. Caparo Industries Plc v. Dickman[1990] introduced a 'threefold test' for a duty of care. Harm must be (1) reasonably foreseeable (2) there must be a relationship of proximity between the plaintiff and defendant and (3) it must be 'fair, just and reasonable' to impose liability (Burns 2013). However, these act as guidelines for the courts in establishing a duty of care; much of the principle is still at the discretion of judges. Once it is established that the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff/claimant, the matter of whether or not that duty was breached must be settled. The test is both subjective and objective. The defendant who knowingly (subjective) exposes the plaintiff/claimant to a substantial risk of loss, breaches that duty (Goold and Maslen 2014). The defendant who fails to realize the substantial risk of loss to the plaintiff/claimant, which anyreasonable person[objective] in the same situation would clearly have realized, also breaches that duty management. Even though there is breach of duty, and the cause of some injury to the defendant, a plaintiff may not recover unless he can prove that the defendant's breach caused a pecuniary injury. This should not be mistaken with the requirements that a plaintiff prove harm to recover. As a general rule, a plaintiff can only rely on a legal remedy to the point that he proves that he suffered a loss; it was reasonably foreseeable (Jacob 2015). It means something more than pecuniary loss is a necessary element of the plaintiff's case in negligence. When damages are not a necessary element, a plaintiff can win his case without showing that he suffered any loss; he would be entitled tonominal damagesand any other damages according to proof. The present case is based on the provision of Civil Liability Act 2003. TheCivil Liability Act 2003contains statutory protection for persons performing voluntary work for community organisations from incurring personal civil liability. It also contains fundamental changes to the common law of negligence. The Act was passed as part of the Queensland Parliament's response to the civil liability and insurance 'crisis'. Many of its initiatives are based on the recommendations of the Review of the Law of Negligence Report. The legislation dealing with the issue of volunteer protection has been passed in every State and Territory in Australia. Legislation has also been passed in the United States that deals with similar issues. Certain provisions of the contributory negligence will also be applicable here. The contributory negligence defence can potentially eliminate the defendant's responsibility to pay damages to an injured plaintiff. For example, apedestriancrosses a road negligently and is hit by a driver who was driving negligently. Since the pedestrian has also contributed to the accident, they may be barred from complete and full recovery of damages from the driver (or their insurer) because the accident was less likely to occur if it hadn't been for their failure to keep a proper lookout (Loss, Seligman and Paredes 2017). Another example of contributory negligence is where a plaintiff actively disregards warnings or fails to take reasonable steps for his or her safety, thenassumes a certain level of riskin a given activity; such as diving in shallow water without checking the depth first. It denotes the liability of the plaintiff in the negligent act. It is a weapon of the defendant as against the p laintiff. There is another thing that can be used as defence for the defendant and that is voluntary assumption of risk. It is a defence in proceedings in negligence for the defendant to prove that the plaintiff fully comprehended the risk of injury that materialised and freely chose to accept it (Lyons 2015). The defence of "voluntary assumption of risk", which is a defence to a claim in negligence, corresponds to the plea of "consent" in actions for intended harm. Both are expressions of the same philosophy of individualism: no wrong is done to one who consents: volenti non fit injuria - "to a willing person, injury is not done." It has been clear from the elements of the negligence that a person can claim damages against any person or authority if it has been proved that the respective person or authority owes certain duty against him. It can be stated that in the present case, the authority of the reception has failed to take care of the tiles and the roof and the rainy weather makes the floor slippery and when Dora went on the floor, she slipped and sustained severe back injury. It is the duty of the reception authority to take care of the event house and they should have to remain liable for anything involves the event house. It has also been observed that the reception authority knows about the fact that the roof has been in a dilapidated condition and it is required to be maintained, but they did not pay any heed to it. It has been witnessed by many employees of the reception authority who had confessed that the floor tiles of the event house were old and the very nature of the tiles makes them slippery. Further, the roof of the veranda was poor and water had swiped away from it and that also responsible to make the floor slippery. It is the duty of the authority to take reasonable care for all this, but they had failed to do it (Price 2013). According to the provisions of Donoghue v Stevenson, the authority is responsible here and can be charged under the breach of duty. In this case, it has also been observed that Dora was drunk that day and it was confessed by her. Another important thing is that prior to the accident, she got slipped slightly and she knew that the floor is slippery. Therefore, she knew that the floor can make injury to her. However, after the party when she was went through the floor, she slipped and got injured. It has been held in Smith v Charles Baker (1891) that when the plaintiff invited the risk to be applied on him, and sustain injury regarding the same, such an act of the plaintiff can become a good defence for the defendants. Under the provision of the contributory negligence, if the plaintiff knows that there is certain risks regarding certain acts and still then he try the same and got injured, law will bar him to claim total damage from the defendant for the injury (Sime 2015). This is a well known principle of the contributory negligence. In this case, Dora was drunk at the time of the accident. Moreover, she knew that the floor was slippery. Thus, she needed to be more careful when walking on the floor. However, she did not take much care and fell. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be stated that Dora Delight can claim damage against the reception authority under the act of negligence but she could not claim full damage as she was partly responsible for the injury. Reference: Bigus, J., 2015. Auditor Reputation Under Different Negligence Regimes.Abacus,51(3), pp.356-378. Burns, K., 2013. Its not just policy: The role of social facts in judicial reasoning in negligence cases.Torts Law Journal,21, p.73. Goold, I. and Maslen, H., 2014. Must the surgeon take the pill? Negligence duty in the context of cognitive enhancement.The Modern Law Review,77(1), pp.60-86. Jacob, J., 2015. Innovation in risky industries under liability law: the case of double-impact innovations.Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics JITE,171(3), pp.385-404. Loss, L., Seligman, J. and Paredes, T., 2017.Fundamentals of securities regulation management. Wolters Kluwer. Lyons, A., 2015. Duty of care.Good Practice, (12), p.24. Price, W.N., 2013. 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